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Native
Introduced
Uncertain
Vagrant
Marine Regions of the World
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Arctic Sea
Atlantic-Antarctic
Atlantic-eastern central
Atlantic-northeast
Atlantic-northwest
Atlantic-southeast
Atlantic-southwest
Atlantic-western central
Indian Ocean-Antarctic
Indian Ocean-eastern
Indian Ocean-western
Mediterranean and Black Sea
Pacific-Antarctic
Pacific-eastern central
Pacific-northeast
Pacific-northwest
Pacific-southeast
Pacific-southwest
Pacific-western central
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Introduced
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Antarctic
Caribbean Islands
East Asia
Europe
Mesoamerica
North Africa
North America
North Asia
Oceania
South & Southeast Asia
South America
Sub-Saharan Africa
West & Central Asia
Modifiers
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Native
Introduced
Uncertain
Vagrant
Major Habitat Types
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1. Forest
1.1. Boreal
1.2. Subarctic
1.3. Subantarctic
1.4. Temperate
1.5. Subtropical/Tropical Dry
1.6. Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland
1.7. Subtropical/Tropical Mangrove Vegetation Above High Tide Level
1.8. Subtropical/Tropical Swamp
1.9. Subtropical/Tropical Moist Montane
2. Savanna
2.1. Dry
2.2. Moist
3. Shrubland
3.1. Subarctic
3.2. Subantarctic
3.3. Boreal
3.4. Temperate
3.5. Subtropical/Tropical Dry
3.6. Subtropical/Tropical Moist
3.7. Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude
3.8. Mediterranean-type Shrubby Vegetation
4. Grassland
4.1. Tundra
4.2. Subarctic
4.3. Subantarctic
4.4. Temperate
4.5. Subtropical/Tropical Dry
4.6. Subtropical/Tropical Seasonally Wet/Flooded
4.7. Subtropical/Tropical High Altitude
5. Wetlands (inland)
5.1. Permanent Rivers/Streams/Creeks (includes waterfalls)
5.2. Seasonal/Intermittent/Irregular Rivers/Streams/Creeks
5.3. Shrub Dominated Wetlands
5.4. Bogs, Marshes, Swamps, Fens, Peatlands
5.5. Permanent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)
5.6. Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Lakes (over 8ha)
5.7. Permanent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)
5.8. Seasonal/Intermittent Freshwater Marshes/Pools (under 8ha)
5.9. Freshwater Springs and Oases
5.10. Tundra Wetlands (incl. pools and temporary waters from snowmelt)
5.11. Alpine Wetlands (includes temporary waters from snowmelt)
5.12. Geothermal Wetlands
5.13. Permanent Inland Deltas
5.14. Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Lakes
5.15. Seasonal/Intermittent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Lakes and Flats
5.16. Permanent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Marshes/Pools
5.17. Seasonal/Intermittent Saline, Brackish or Alkaline Marshes/Pools
5.18. Karst and Other Subterranean Hydrological Systems (inland)
6. Rocky areas (eg. inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
7. Caves and Subterranean Habitats (non-aquatic)
7.1. Caves
7.2. Other Subterranean Habitats
8. Desert
8.1. Hot
8.2. Temperate
8.3. Cold
9. Marine Neritic
9.1. Pelagic
9.2. Subtidal Rock and Rocky Reefs
9.3. Subtidal Loose Rock/pebble/gravel
9.4. Subtidal Sandy
9.5. Subtidal Sandy-Mud
9.6. Subtidal Muddy
9.7. Macroalgal/Kelp
9.8. Coral Reef
9.8.1. Outer Reef Channel
9.8.2. Back Slope
9.8.3. Foreslope (Outer Reef Slope)
9.8.4. Lagoon
9.8.5. Inter-Reef Soft Substrate
9.8.6. Inter-Reef Rubble Substrate
9.9. Seagrass (Submerged)
9.10. Estuaries
10. Marine Oceanic
10.1. Epipelagic (0-200m)
10.2. Mesopelagic (200-1000m)
10.3. Bathypelagic (1000-4000m)
10.4. Abyssopelagic (4000-6000m)
11. Marine Deep Benthic
11.1. Continental Slope/Bathyl Zone (200-4,000m)
11.1.1. Hard Substrate
11.1.2. Soft Substrate
11.2. Abyssal Plain (4,000-6,000m)
11.3. Abyssal Mountain/Hills (4,000-6,000m)
11.4. Hadal/Deep Sea Trench (>6,000m)
11.5. Seamount
11.6. Deep Sea Vents (Rifts/Seeps)
12. Marine Intertidal
12.1. Rocky Shoreline
12.2. Sandy Shoreline and/or Beaches, Sand Bars, Spits, Etc
12.3. Shingle and/or Pebble Shoreline and/or Beaches
12.4. Mud Flats and Salt Flats
12.5. Salt Marshes (Emergent Grasses)
12.6. Tidepools
12.7. Mangrove Submerged Roots
13. Marine Coastal/Supratidal
13.1. Sea Cliffs and Rocky Offshore Islands
13.2. Marine Coastal/supratidal - Coastal Caves/Karst
13.3. Coastal Sand Dunes
13.4. Coastal Brackish/Saline Lagoons/Marine Lakes
13.5. Coastal Freshwater Lakes
14. Artificial/Terrestrial
14.1. Arable Land
14.2. Pastureland
14.3. Plantations
14.4. Rural Gardens
14.5. Urban Areas
14.6. Subtropical/Tropical Heavily Degraded Former Forest
15. Artificial/Aquatic & Marine
15.1. Artificial/Aquatic - Water Storage Areas (over 8ha)
15.2. Artificial/Aquatic - Ponds (below 8ha)
15.3. Artificial/Aquatic - Aquaculture Ponds
15.4. Artificial/Aquatic - Salt Exploitation Sites
15.5. Artificial/Aquatic - Excavations (open)
15.6. Artificial/Aquatic - Wastewater Treatment Areas
15.7. Artificial/Aquatic - Irrigated Land (includes irrigation channels)
15.8. Artificial/Aquatic - Seasonally Flooded Agricultural Land
15.9. Artificial/Aquatic - Canals and Drainage Channels, Ditches
15.10. Artificial/Aquatic - Karst and Other Subterranean Hydrological Systems (human-made)
15.11. Artificial/Marine - Marine Anthropogenic Structures
15.12. Artificial/Marine - Mariculture Cages
15.13. Artificial/Marine - Mari/Brackishculture Ponds
16. Introduced vegetation
17. Other
18. Unknown
Major Threat Types
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All
0. No threats
1. Habitat Loss/Degradation (human induced)
1.1. Agriculture
1.1.1. Crops
1.1.1.1. Shifting Agriculture
1.1.1.2. Small-holder farming
1.1.1.3. Agro-industry farming
1.1.2. Wood plantations
1.1.2.1. Small-scale
1.1.2.2. Large-scale
1.1.3. Non-timber plantations
1.1.3.1. Small-scale
1.1.3.2. Large-scale
1.1.4. Livestock
1.1.4.1. Nomadic
1.1.4.2. Small-holder
1.1.4.3. Agro-industry
1.1.5. Abandonment
1.1.6. Marine aquaculture
1.1.7. Freshwater aquaculture
1.1.8. Other
1.1.9. Unknown
1.2. Land management of non-agricultural areas
1.2.1. Abandonment
1.2.2. Change of management regime
1.2.3. Other
1.2.4. Unknown
1.3. Extraction
1.3.1. Mining
1.3.2. Fisheries
1.3.2.1. Subsistence
1.3.2.2. Artisinal/small-scale
1.3.2.3. Large-scale/industrial
1.3.3. Wood
1.3.3.1. Small-scale subsistence
1.3.3.2. Selective logging
1.3.3.3. Clear-cutting
1.3.4. Non-woody vegetation collection
1.3.5. Coral removal
1.3.6. Groundwater extraction
1.3.7. Other
1.3.8. Unknown
1.4. Infrastructure development
1.4.1. Industry
1.4.2. Human settlement
1.4.3. Tourism/recreation
1.4.4. Transport - land/air
1.4.5. Transport - water
1.4.6. Dams
1.4.7. Telecommunications
1.4.8. Power lines
1.4.9. Other
1.4.10. Unknown
1.5. Invasive alien species (directly impacting habitat)
1.6. Change in native species dynamics (directly impacting habitat)
1.7. Fires
1.8. Other causes
1.9. Unknown causes
2. Invasive alien species (directly affecting the species)
2.1. Competitors
2.2. Predators
2.3. Hybridizers
2.4. Pathogens/parasites
2.5. Other
2.6. Unknown
3. Harvesting (hunting/gathering)
3.1. Food
3.1.1. Subsistence use/local trade
3.1.2. Sub-national/national trade
3.1.3. Regional/international trade
3.2. Medicine
3.2.1. Subsistence use/local trade
3.2.2. Sub-national/national trade
3.2.3. Regional/international trade
3.3. Fuel
3.3.1. Subsistence use/local trade
3.3.2. Sub-national/national trade
3.3.3. Regional/international trade
3.4. Materials
3.4.1. Subsistence use/local trade
3.4.2. Sub-national/national trade
3.4.3. Regional/international trade
3.5. Cultural/scientific/leisure activities
3.5.1. Subsistence use/local trade
3.5.2. Sub-national/national trade
3.5.3. Regional/international trade
3.6. Other
3.7. Unknown
4. Accidental mortality
4.1. Bycatch
4.1.1. Fisheries-related
4.1.1.1. Hooking
4.1.1.2. Netting
4.1.1.3. Entanglement
4.1.1.4. Dynamite
4.1.1.5. Poisoning
4.1.2. Terrestrial
4.1.2.1. Trapping/snaring/netting
4.1.2.2. Shooting
4.1.2.3. Poisoning
4.1.3. Other
4.1.4. Unknown
4.2. Collision
4.2.1. Pylon and building collision
4.2.2. Vehicle collision
4.2.3. Other
4.2.4. Unknown
4.3. Other
4.4. Unknown
5. Persecution
5.1. Pest control
5.2. Other
5.3. Unknown
6. Pollution (affecting habitat and/or species)
6.1. Atmospheric pollution
6.1.1. Global warming/oceanic warming
6.1.2. Acid precipitation
6.1.3. Ozone hole effects
6.1.4. Smog
6.1.5. Other
6.1.6. Unknown
6.2. Land pollution
6.2.1. Agriculture
6.2.2. Domestic
6.2.3. Commercial/Industrial
6.2.4. Other non-agricultural
6.2.5. Light pollution
6.2.6. Other
6.2.7. Unknown
6.3. Water pollution
6.3.1. Agriculture
6.3.2. Domestic
6.3.3. Commercial/Industrial
6.3.4. Other non-agricultural
6.3.5. Thermal pollution
6.3.6. Oil slicks
6.3.7. Sediment
6.3.8. Sewage
6.3.9. Solid waste
6.3.10. Noise pollution
6.3.11. Other
6.3.12. Unknown
6.4. Other
6.5. Unknown
7. Natural disasters
7.1. Drought
7.2. Storms/flooding
7.3. Temperature extremes
7.4. Wildfire
7.5. Volcanoes
7.6. Avalanches/landslides
7.7. Other
7.8. Unknown
8. Changes in native species dynamics
8.1. Competitors
8.2. Predators
8.3. Prey/food base
8.4. Hybridizers
8.5. Pathogens/parasites
8.6. Mutualisms
8.7. Other
8.8. Unknown
9. Intrinsic factors
9.1. Limited dispersal
9.2. Poor recruitment/reproduction/regeneration
9.3. High juvenile mortality
9.4. Inbreeding
9.5. Low densities
9.6. Skewed sex ratios
9.7. Slow growth rates
9.8. Population fluctuations
9.9. Restricted range
9.10. Other
9.11. Unknown
10. Human disturbance
10.1. Recreation/tourism
10.2. Research
10.3. War/civil unrest
10.4. Transport
10.5. Fire
10.6. Other
10.7. Unknown
11. Other
12. Unknown
Assessment Publication Date
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All
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2000
1998 (plants only, i.e. Kingdom Plantae)
1996 (animals only, i.e. Kingdom Animalia)
Plant Growth Forms
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All
Tree
Shrub
Herb
Annual
Grass/Sedge
Geophyte
Vine
Aquatic
Parasite
Epiphyte
Lithophyte
Succulent
Fern
Cycad
Fungus
Moss
Lichen
Note: Selecting a year retrieves only NEW assessments published in that particular year, NOT the complete Red List for that year.
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